-wars spec to Russia

Turkish War of Succession (1841-4)

-Ottoman dynasty dies out when both sides of a succession crisis kill each other

-Giray dynast enthroned, potentates in Maghreb, Egypt, Syria, Albania refuse to recognize it

-Russia, Persia leap in to invade

-resulting in intl crisis

First Circassian War (1841-3)

-Franco-British alliance send armies into Crimea, Circassia to support people there

-French armies do rather better than the OTL Crimean War

-because it's pretty huge and well-trained in a number of wars

-and in contrast Russia has some delays here

-also France successfully constructs railroads as part of military buildup in Circassia

-Austria fearing Russian domination leaps in and occupies Wallachia

-while Russia has occupied Moldavia

-French Republic occupies Jever before anyone can do anything about it

-while Oldenburg, which is loyal to Russian relatives, gets occupied by Austro-Hanoverian force before France can get it

-in the end Russia forced to give up Crimea, Circassia to "Ottoman" protection

-but new "Ottoman" polity lacks most Middle Eastern territories, also Albania, and Iraq is now under Persian rule

-Danube internationalized along lines of the Rhine

Second Circassian War (1872-5)

-Russia invades Circassia, which kicks off a war

-France under Heads of France > 1872-1877 Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (Independent-leading Emergency Government) supports Turkish war effort

-in British Isles this proves more controversial, however, and its military interventions are very limited

-though it does provide a lot of arms and all

Russo-Chinese War (1893-9)

Russo-Chinese War (1893-9)

-Japan (here under shogun rule) invades Korea, draws in troops from Qing Manchuria (and implicitly Russian overlords) against them, and Bai China sends in troops, they clash, resulting in war

-giant, bloody war, ends with Bai China conquering Qing Manchuria and Mongolia and even Russian Manchuria

Sides of the war

First stage

-Japan

-Russia

-esp. Qing Manchuria & Mongolia

-Korea

Second stage

-Bai China

-incl. Sultanate of Yunnan and other weaker Chinese vassals

-Russia and protectorates

-Qing Manchuria & Mongolia

-Khokand Khanate

-includes Kashgaria

-Kazakh Khanate

By year

-1893: Japan invades Korea, and Qing Manchurian troops cross into Korea to attack them; with Russian support, they are successfully deflected, to the protests of Bai China which regards Korea as its rightful territory; ensuing military buildup on the border emerges in this era

-1894: After a period of extreme tensions and clashes, Marshal Lee launches an attack on Huludau in Manchuria, a part of the Qing Empire; Russia declares war on Bai China, and despite self-doubt by the Heads of China > 1888-1901 Dazheng Emperor [*overthrown*] there's a great outcry for war among Bai Chinese

-1895: Beginning of conflicts in and around Kashgaria, with a massive Bai Chinese invasion but without the much-hoped Kashgar Turkic uprising emerging; Bai invasion of Manchuria proceeds apace and reaches the gates of Shenyang (aka Mukden) but cannot overcome the city's great defences, which results in a protracted siege of the city

-1896: Siege of Mukden ends with defenders relieved by Russian troops coming through rail through links in Mongolia, and Bai forces forced into a beating retreat; Russian advance continues apace, and deflects charges in Kashgaria by advancing into Shaanxi

-1897: Marshal Lee successfully entreaties with the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu to switch sides; a Bai charge towards Russian railroads in Mongolia ends in success; Russian troops in Manchuria end up isolated and collapse; Korea opens an embassy in Nanjing; a Qing palace coup ends up collapsing Qing authority; Bai troops march into Shenyang; Russian pushes into Shaanxi beaten off; famine in Russia begins, due to bad harvest + grain sold abroad + loss of Chinese grain fields in war

-1898: Chinese troops march and occupy the entirety of Manchuria; Marshal Lee flies the Chinese flag in Vladivostok and the resulting Calotype is printed and broadcast around the world; Chinese and Mongolian troops march towards Lake Baikal; entreaties for a peace begin; brutal trench warfare in Turkestani front continues with very little progress

-1899: Treaty of San Francisco; Bai Chinese control of Qing Manchuria and Mongolia, as well as Transbaikalia and Outer Manchuria recognized, Chinese claims over Kashgaria abandoned

Aftermath

-Chinese victory a great moment of anticolonialism remembered worldwide

-integration of new territories a tougher deal

-Mongolia already well into being Sinicized due to Qing loyalists settling and continues apace despite autonomy deal, but despite it this has helped to create the compact of accommodation of Tibetan Buddhism within the Chinese state

-Manchuria, despite having been almost entirely Sinicized, faces a wave of anti-Manchu reprisals by the Bai army, and this war legacy and its lack of 19th century industry means it's a backwater for much of the 20th century

-mass migration of Russian settlers and Chinese Orthodox towards the Pacific

-the two having partially merged in the era of Russian rule with intermarriage

-despite Marshal Lee declaring intention to tolerate them, reprisals and panic happen anyways

-rise of such minorities in Alaska, Columbia, the United States of America, United Provinces of Buenaventura, and Republic of Australia emerges in this era

-calo of Marshal Lee becomes an incredibly iconic symbol

-of him hoisting the flag over the Vladivostok Railway Station

-displayed almost universally across China

-soldiers and veterans across China feel more loyalty to Marshal Lee than to the imperial court

-and his popularity is enough that when he leads military putsch and becomes dictator (Heads of China > 1901-1926 Lee Cheng-chang (Tsuyu-Tungi-Tang) †) he is widely cheered

-Yunnan contains a lot more people loyal to Chinese government

-thanks to it having sent many soldiers to fight for China

-results in brewing surge of Chinese nationalism which prevents Yunnan Sultanate from breaking away

-and long-term it causes its full integration into the Chinese state

-in Russia it destabilizes society greatly and sparks Young Russian Revolution (1902-8)

-a massive number of people have been trailed in soldiery and now they increasingly want reform

-and the elite ones find things are still shit and slowly start to blame the monarchy

-with Manchurian grain part of Russian imperial system, there's a wave of aftershocks around the world but especially Russia

-where it causes hunger that in some areas extends to famine

-massive numbers of Turkic peoples used by Russia against China

-and perceived as having been used as cannon fodder by Russian government as the war gets worse for the Russians

-and that they get no changes in their status alienates them enormously

-also their military training get used by them during the Young Russian Revolution (1902-8)

Lithuanian War of Independence (1896-1902)

-in years after 1859 rebellion there's an organization of paramilitary groups

-especially in France where more radical groups go and organize

-during Russo-Chinese War (1893-9) French emigres kick off a rebellion

-with strike it escalates in scale

-Russia has only marginal troops to send and so Lithuanians do pretty well and conquer near entire country

-with end of Russo-Chinese War (1893-9) Russia sends troops and Lithuanian independence crushed

-however almost immediately afterwards Lithuanian croppies rebel and Russian desertions increase

-with outbreak of Young Russian Revolution (1902-8) Russian war effort essentially collapses

-aside from some skirmishes in 1903 after Tsar's coup it's essentially done

Baltic War of Independence (1898-1902)

-after French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4) German settlement wave to Baltic happens

-Baltic Germans and other Germans in Russia enlist in Russian army during Russo-Chinese War (1893-9)

-during war and postwar they form their own regiments

-when war comes to a close it leads to these regiments forming quasi-state

-and with Young Russian Revolution (1902-8) they declare independence

-and successfully suppress Latvian and Estonian independence movements

-formation of Duchy of Baltenland afterwards

Young Russian Revolution (1902-8)

Young Russian Revolution (1902-8)

-Russian veterans return, find things are still shit, officers sympathize with their peasant underlings, form secret societies, main one called "Young Russia"

-also increasing blame towards monarchy

-which is viewed as having caused this war and military defeat

-also there's a pretty large serf population

-which is increasingly disgruntled after many of them were conscripted during Russo-Chinese War (1893-9)

-with radicalism and links in the army they are increasingly violent and rebel against their masters

-they also organize Young Russia clubs to continue organization from army years as well as to organize for improvement

-when tsar attempts to suppress this, brings Young Russians in military to forefront and they mutiny

-tsar reluctantly issues constitutions, when new elections end up empowering his enemies he tries to coup it

-army says fuck off, coup him back

-drives russia into tumultuous civil war period

-ends with young russians victorious, but with much of colonies broken off, russia spends future years trying to reconquer them

-also massive death toll

Atrocities

-Great Fear

-peasant riots beginning in 1899 with mass returns of serfs to their plantations with anger

-as well as many serfs choosing to fuck off, swelling size of cities

-resulting in mass riots in plantations

-with serfs freeing themselves, destroying owner's manors, and killing nobles

-and cities are increasingly organized into their own municipal governments

-peasant rebellions are ones which Constantine II crushes hard and this demolishes his popularity

-with rise of Heads of Russia > 1902-1903 Mikhail Morozov (Young Russia) † rebellions supported by state

-but many nobles see him as an usurper holding tsar hostage (rightfully) and try to ignore him

-peasant rebels organize themselves into Young Russia battalions

-and with execution of Constantine II these peasants are mostly victorious

-result is many, many dead aristocrats

-Constantinian Terror

-when Heads of Russia > 1898-1904 Constantine II freed from house arrest in 1903 he commits a series of massacres against his political opponents

-including Heads of Russia > 1902-1903 Mikhail Morozov (Young Russia) † and several Sobor members

-as well as many Jews

-only ends with his execution

-Doroshenkian massacres

-spearheaded by Ivan Doroshenko, Malorussian Hetman who views Jews as enemy of the Malorussian nation

-troops commit mass slaughters to "teach them a lesson", estimated 100,000 to 300,000 killed

-sees international revulsion, particularly from France, the United States, and British Isles

-and even countries like Germany think it's a bit much

-Doroshenko ultimately assassinated by a Jew in Paris where he's in exile, his murderer is today a Jewish hero

-Russian Reign of Terror

-purges of Russian Provisional Government against enemies

-even including internal factions

-also the killing of aristocrats, including relative innocents

-White Terror

-murders of rebellious peasants and the like by White faction

-begins in 1902 with sending of army to stop peasant rebellions

-ends up in incredibly bloody violence till Sobor called

-with dissolution of Sobor in 1903 there's a new breath of terror to a new and extreme degree

-till it tapers off in 1907

Sides of the war

First stage

-Tsarist Russia

-Young Russia and Sobor

Second stage

-Russian Provisional Government

-Malorussian Autonomy

-Malorussian Hetmanate

-Central Asian states

-White movement

Third stage

-Russian Provisional Government

-Malorussian Autonomy

-White movement

By year

-1902: Widespread unrest, increasingly unhappy serfs engage in violence and destruction of buildings; mass strikes across Russia including Petrograd and Moscow; organization of new councils unifying army officers and strikers under Young Russian banner; Young Russian officers march on the Kremlin; at gunpoint, Tsar declares General Mikhail Morozov the dictator of Russia

-1903: Sobor elections return a very large Young Russian majority; Tsarist elements of the military revolt, reach the Kremlin, arrests Dictator Morozov, and free the Tsar from his house arrest; the Tsar dissolves the Sobor and executes along with Morozov several members for treason; Sobor members escape to Pskov and issue appeal to the people for resistance and call for abolition of serfdom; rebellions kick off both in cities and across rural areas; despite executions of Young Russian leaders, army's loyalty in question and new, more shoddily trained officers brought in; ships from more reactionary navy brought into Petrograd

-1904: Rebellions amplify in magnitude; more youthful Young Russians side with the rebels and organize the mutiny; Sobor members return and declare themselves National Assembly with support from organized mutinial regiments; badly-organized Tsarist regiments defeated in battle and Young Russians retake Moscow and Petrograd; Tsarist loyalist ship Imperatritsa Yekaterina II in Petrograd harbor fires upon the city, destroying the Winter Palace and kicking off a fire that kills two thousand people, before land artillery destroys the ship; Tsarist base of Kronstadt falls to provisional government; serfdom abolished forever, Tsar captured while fleeing Petrograd; Russia declared a republic

-1905: Lithuania declares independence, Russian government executes Tsar and family after show trial, Cossack-dominated viceregency dumas in Little Russia and Caucasus unite and issue resolutions for independence as the "Malorussian Hetmanate"; viceregency duma of Siberia declares the establishment of an independent Siberian state; Russian Provisional Government raises armies against them; Central Asian states declare independence; Tsarist officers try a military coup which fails before getting purged

-1906: Yet another wave of army rebellions across Russia with army purges; advances into Little Russia fail, current Russian Provisional Government removed from power with army support, Russian government successfully forms alliance with anti-Hetmanate elements in Little Russia and advances do better

-1907: Russia defeats Hetmanate, but then it almost immediately breaks with the Little Russian elements by offering only weak autonomy which causes another outbreak of violence; Siberia falls to Young Russian troops, although control east of Lake Baikal is nonexistent

-1908: Russia defeats entirely the Malorussian Autonomy, signs treaties with Lithuania and Baltic states to give them independence in return for cutting off support of Malorussianism, also mops up last elements of reactionary violence

Aftermath

-Russia becomes new revolutionary regime

-undergoes rapid period of modernization under Ideology > Sociocracy

-with Recessions > Panic of 1911 the modernization comes to an end and sees ascent of Heads of Russia > 1914-1927 Gavril Vartanyan (Reunited Young Russia) † to power in military regime

-Central Asian states see independence for a time before they are reconquered

-Russia also successfully normalizes relations

Territorial changes

-Russia

-loses a fair amount of land

-Lithuania

-takes control of former Grand Duchy area

-Sweden

-takes control of Viborg and Karelia

-took control of Kola Peninsula but surrendered it in return for recognition of Viborg

-Baltic

-Baltic Germans successfully create a Duchy of Baltenland supported by Empire of the German Nation

-Caucasus

-Northern Caucasus Muslims unite with Circassia and Crimea to create a larger state

-Georgia declares independence

-Central Asia

-emirates entirely break away

-Kazakhs declare independence

Fall of Kamchatka (1915)

-Kamchatka's isolation allowed it to be preserved as an independent state nominally under Heads of Jever > 1905-1911 Xenia

-with being propped up by Empire of the German Nation

-but claimed all throughout by Russia despite it having almost no navy

-however Heads of Russia > 1914-1927 Gavril Vartanyan (Young Russia) † willing to threaten war with Germany by taking it over

-fleet from the Baltic does this

Central Asian Wars (1919-28)

-Central Asian states which broke away during revolution invaded by a Russia which has been reconstructed

-eventual victory

Second Kazakh War of Independence (1972-5)

-after a lot of events (democratic order gets coup'd?), Kazakh Autonomous Republic breaks away, Russia responds by invading

-culminates in Russia using a pupillary bomb (Atomic theory), first time in history, on Almaty in 1973

-with nuclear power having previously been used, other than tests, for energy

-ends up with junta getting overthrown in color revolution, new order initially fights more but lets Kazakhstan, other Turkic states break away eventually

Russia's Wars